{"id":139,"date":"2026-08-01T14:28:00","date_gmt":"2026-08-01T12:28:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pim-germany.eu\/desalfacts\/knowledge\/working-principles\/"},"modified":"2026-08-01T14:28:00","modified_gmt":"2026-08-01T12:28:00","slug":"working-principles","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.pim-germany.eu\/desalfacts\/knowledge\/working-principles\/","title":{"rendered":"Working Principles"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Working Principles<\/h1>\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Working Principles in Desalination Systems. A framework by the Desalination Institute DME that explains how every desalination method separates salt from water, and organises them by their primary driving force.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Three aspects<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>General structure<\/strong>: a systematic way to capture all desalination methods (leads into the CDT classification)<\/li><li><strong>Interdisciplinary nature<\/strong>: desalination combines several scientific disciplines<\/li><li><strong>Focus on primary forces<\/strong>: the primary driving force of separation is the central ordering criterion<\/li><\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A thermodynamic reference<\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Every desalination is a separation bound by a thermodynamic minimum (Gibbs energy of mixing), a process-independent benchmark for all technologies. For seawater (35 g\/L, 25&nbsp;&deg;C) the minimum separation work is about <strong>1.06 kWh\/m&sup3;<\/strong> (approaching zero recovery) and about 1.1 kWh\/m&sup3; at 50% recovery; the osmotic pressure is about 27-28&nbsp;bar. Real processes lie above this (second law).<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pim-germany.eu\/desalfacts\/classification\/\"><strong>See the CDT-24 Classification<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.di-dme.de\/desalination-technology\/technology-basics\/working-principles-in-desalination-systems\/\"><strong>The framework on DME<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Working Principles Working Principles in Desalination Systems. A framework by the Desalination Institute DME that explains how every desalination method separates salt from water, and organises them by their primary [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":0,"parent":137,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-139","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Working Principles | DESALFACTS<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pim-germany.eu\/desalfacts\/knowledge\/working-principles\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Working Principles | DESALFACTS\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Working Principles Working Principles in Desalination Systems. A framework by the Desalination Institute DME that explains how every desalination method separates salt from water, and organises them by their primary [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.pim-germany.eu\/desalfacts\/knowledge\/working-principles\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"DESALFACTS\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Gesch\u00e4tzte Lesezeit\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"1\u00a0Minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pim-germany.eu\\\/desalfacts\\\/knowledge\\\/working-principles\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pim-germany.eu\\\/desalfacts\\\/knowledge\\\/working-principles\\\/\",\"name\":\"Working Principles | DESALFACTS\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pim-germany.eu\\\/desalfacts\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2026-08-01T12:28:00+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pim-germany.eu\\\/desalfacts\\\/knowledge\\\/working-principles\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"de\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pim-germany.eu\\\/desalfacts\\\/knowledge\\\/working-principles\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pim-germany.eu\\\/desalfacts\\\/knowledge\\\/working-principles\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Startseite\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pim-germany.eu\\\/desalfacts\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Knowledge\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pim-germany.eu\\\/desalfacts\\\/knowledge\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Working Principles\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pim-germany.eu\\\/desalfacts\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pim-germany.eu\\\/desalfacts\\\/\",\"name\":\"DESALFACTS\",\"description\":\"Data &amp; Knowhow\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pim-germany.eu\\\/desalfacts\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pim-germany.eu\\\/desalfacts\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"de\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pim-germany.eu\\\/desalfacts\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"desalfacts\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pim-germany.eu\\\/desalfacts\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"de\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pim-germany.eu\\\/desalfacts\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pim-germany.eu\\\/desalfacts\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/4\\\/2026\\\/07\\\/Desalfacts.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pim-germany.eu\\\/desalfacts\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/4\\\/2026\\\/07\\\/Desalfacts.png\",\"width\":445,\"height\":482,\"caption\":\"desalfacts\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pim-germany.eu\\\/desalfacts\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Working Principles | DESALFACTS","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.pim-germany.eu\/desalfacts\/knowledge\/working-principles\/","og_locale":"de_DE","og_type":"article","og_title":"Working Principles | DESALFACTS","og_description":"Working Principles Working Principles in Desalination Systems. A framework by the Desalination Institute DME that explains how every desalination method separates salt from water, and organises them by their primary [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/www.pim-germany.eu\/desalfacts\/knowledge\/working-principles\/","og_site_name":"DESALFACTS","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Gesch\u00e4tzte Lesezeit":"1\u00a0Minute"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.pim-germany.eu\/desalfacts\/knowledge\/working-principles\/","url":"https:\/\/www.pim-germany.eu\/desalfacts\/knowledge\/working-principles\/","name":"Working Principles | DESALFACTS","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.pim-germany.eu\/desalfacts\/#website"},"datePublished":"2026-08-01T12:28:00+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.pim-germany.eu\/desalfacts\/knowledge\/working-principles\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"de","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.pim-germany.eu\/desalfacts\/knowledge\/working-principles\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.pim-germany.eu\/desalfacts\/knowledge\/working-principles\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Startseite","item":"https:\/\/www.pim-germany.eu\/desalfacts\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Knowledge","item":"https:\/\/www.pim-germany.eu\/desalfacts\/knowledge\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Working Principles"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.pim-germany.eu\/desalfacts\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.pim-germany.eu\/desalfacts\/","name":"DESALFACTS","description":"Data &amp; Knowhow","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.pim-germany.eu\/desalfacts\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.pim-germany.eu\/desalfacts\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"de"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.pim-germany.eu\/desalfacts\/#organization","name":"desalfacts","url":"https:\/\/www.pim-germany.eu\/desalfacts\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"de","@id":"https:\/\/www.pim-germany.eu\/desalfacts\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.pim-germany.eu\/desalfacts\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/07\/Desalfacts.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.pim-germany.eu\/desalfacts\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/07\/Desalfacts.png","width":445,"height":482,"caption":"desalfacts"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.pim-germany.eu\/desalfacts\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pim-germany.eu\/desalfacts\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/139","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pim-germany.eu\/desalfacts\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pim-germany.eu\/desalfacts\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pim-germany.eu\/desalfacts\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=139"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.pim-germany.eu\/desalfacts\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/139\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pim-germany.eu\/desalfacts\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/137"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pim-germany.eu\/desalfacts\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=139"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}